by VIN, Year, Make, Model by License Plate

2019 Nissan Titan Overview, Reviews, Ratings & Specs

Rating: 4.75
Based on 44 Owner Reviews
Simon A | March 31, 2025
The 2019 Nissan Titan is a full-size pickup truck offering both practicality and rugged appeal. It's available in King Cab and Crew Cab body styles. Key trims include the S, SV, PRO-4X, SL, and Platinum Reserve. The Titan stands out with its standard V8 engine and comfortable ride. New pricing ranged approximately from $30,000 to $60,000, depending on configuration and trim level. Its bold styling and strong warranty also contribute to its popularity.
The Good

The 2019 Titan boasts a powerful standard V8 engine for strong performance and towing. Its comfortable cabin appeals to those seeking a refined ride. The bold design offers an emotional draw, while the solid warranty and competitive pricing provide practical value. While not class-leading in fuel efficiency, the Titan provides a balance of power and features.

The Bad

The 2019 Titan's fuel economy is a known weakness compared to some competitors. The interior, while comfortable, might not feel as modern or luxurious as some rivals. Some owners have reported minor electronic glitches. Also, the payload capacity is typically lower than some other full-size trucks. Potential buyers should carefully consider their needs relative to these factors.

2019 Nissan Titan: Quick Overview

  • Engine Options: 5.6-liter V8
  • Horsepower: 390 hp
  • Fuel Economy (MPG): Approximately 15 city / 21 highway (varies by configuration)
  • 0-60 Times: Around 6.5-7.0 seconds (estimated)
  • Towing Capacity: Up to 9,400 lbs (varies by configuration)
  • Trim-Level Features:
    • S: Basic work truck features, including a basic audio system, cloth upholstery, and standard safety features.
    • SV: Adds features like chrome exterior trim, upgraded cloth upholstery, and available convenience packages.
    • PRO-4X: Off-road focused, includes Bilstein shocks, skid plates, electronic locking rear differential, and all-terrain tires. Often includes unique interior and exterior styling.
    • SL: More luxurious features like leather upholstery, heated front seats, a premium audio system, and advanced safety technologies.
    • Platinum Reserve: Top-of-the-line, features premium leather, wood trim, chrome accents, heated and cooled front seats, and a surround-view camera system.
  • Standard Features (across most trims):
    • NissanConnect infotainment system with a touchscreen display.
    • Apple CarPlay and Android Auto compatibility (often on higher trims or as an option).
    • Rearview camera.

2019 Nissan Titan Specifications

Vehicle Information
Year 2019
Make Nissan
Model Titan
Trim -
Style 4WD
Type Pickup Truck
Category Medium Truck
Manufacturing Details
Made In United States
Manufacturing City CANTON
Dimensions
Doors 4-Door
Curb Weight -
Gross Vehicle Weight Rating -
Overall Height -
Overall Length -
Overall Width -
Wheelbase Length -
Standard Seating -
Engine & Performance
Engine 5.0-L V-8 DOHC 32V Diesel
Engine Size 5L
Engine Cylinders 8
Transmission 6-Speed Automatic
Transmission Type Automatic
Transmission Speeds 6-Speed
Drivetrain Four-Wheel Drive
Additional Features
Anti-Brake System Standard
Steering Type -
Pricing
Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) -
Invoice Price -
Delivery Charges -

Vehicle History Report

Vehicle
Specifications
Ownership
History
All History
Events
NMVTIS Title
History Check
Salvage/Rebuilt
Check
Accident
Check
Theft
Check
Open Lien
Check
Past Sale
Listings
Safety
Recalls
Odometer
Check
Market Price
Analysis

What Problems Does the 2019 Nissan Titan Have?

The 2019 Nissan Titan, while generally considered reliable, has had some reported issues. Some owners have noted minor electronic glitches, such as issues with the infotainment system or sensor malfunctions. There have been some recalls related to potential fuel leaks and issues with the rearview camera display. Long-term reliability concerns often revolve around the transmission's smoothness over extended mileage and the durability of some interior components.

Specifically, some owners report occasional hard shifting with the transmission. Fuel sensor issues have also been noted, potentially leading to inaccurate fuel gauge readings. It's advisable to check the vehicle's history for any completed recall repairs before purchasing. Potential buyers should also research common maintenance items at higher mileage to be aware of potential future costs. While not widespread, issues with the exhaust manifold bolts have been reported in earlier model years and could potentially surface over time in the 2019 model as well. Thorough inspection and a pre-purchase inspection by a qualified mechanic are recommended.

How long will the 2019 Nissan Titan last?

With proper maintenance, a 2019 Nissan Titan can reasonably be expected to last for 200,000 miles or 15 years of service. Owners who adhere to scheduled maintenance, including regular oil changes, fluid checks, and timely repairs, can extend the vehicle's lifespan significantly.

Long-term durability depends heavily on usage. Trucks used primarily for light-duty tasks and well-maintained will likely experience fewer issues. Weaknesses over time might include wear and tear on suspension components, potential rust issues (especially in areas with harsh winters), and the aforementioned transmission and electronic system quirks. The exhaust system should also be inspected periodically for corrosion.
Positive Owner Reviews
JoeMama
I've had my 2019 Texas Titan edition for 3 years now. I test drive the F150 and the 1500 Silverado but this Titan interior quality was so much better. Thicker windows for a quieter ride and thicker dashboard that doesn't feel like cheap plastic. I've got 80K miles on this now with zero issues. No complaints at all and so happy I went with this. I don't haul anything heavier than 3K lbs so I can't speak to heavy hauling. Every day driving and long distance riding it's fantastic.
John W
This is my second Nissan Titan that I have owned an I love it. A good heavy vehicle that is very reliable, roomy, handles great, great styling and has the power. I still have my original 2004 Titan with 267.000 miles on it which is still running good and has never let me down once. How much more reliability can you ask for then that.
Debbie
Love the Titan Platinum Reserve. Nice ride, has all the bells and whistles. Love the look and color. Very comfortable for a truck. A great vehicle all the way around.
Negative Owner Reviews
Don R
This vehicle is not as sound and the hood alignment is off. I went to a dealership to compare and 90% of the new titans had hoods that were not lined up properly. The strength of this one is not the same. Pick up is not as good. The windshield constantly fogs up. I believe that the Nissan standards are diminishing...
kilodan10
I went more for the design of the car as people talk badly about the specs of the truck. Little did I know it would come with as many issues as it does. Had a transmission issue after 800 miles of driving the truck which was causing the battery to die as well. Had the radio die on me multiple times and even after having it everything fixed under warranty so far the raidio has still turned off multiple times. I overheard that another Nissan Titan truck of the same year was in the shop for the same issue so it sounds like a recurring issue. Traction control feels like it’s going to throw you off of any turns regardless of the speed your going so make sure you have two hands on the steering wheel with a tight grip at all times. If you test drive and don’t feel it be careful not to still purchase based off of this as it happens periodically. 1500 miles in and i’m starting to hear and think there are other issues but have yet to determine what they are. Do not recommend

What Technology & Safety Features are Included?

The 2019 Nissan Titan offers a range of built-in tech features. The NissanConnect infotainment system is standard, offering a touchscreen display. Apple CarPlay and Android Auto compatibility are often included on higher trims. Entertainment features include a standard audio system, with upgrades available on higher trims, such as premium Rockford Fosgate systems.

Driver-assistance features often include a rearview camera, with optional features like blind-spot monitoring, rear cross-traffic alert, and parking sensors. Advanced safety features, such as automatic emergency braking, are often available on higher trims. The Titan also includes standard safety equipment like airbags, anti-lock brakes, and stability control.

Crash-test ratings from the NHTSA and IIHS can vary. The NHTSA typically provides overall safety ratings and individual crash test scores. The IIHS evaluates crashworthiness and headlight performance. For the most accurate and up-to-date safety information, it's best to consult the official NHTSA and IIHS websites for specific 2019 Nissan Titan crash test results. Higher trims often offer more advanced safety technologies as standard equipment.

What Colors Options are Available?

Exterior Colors
Cayenne Red Metallic
Deep Blue Pearl
Forged Copper Metallic
Gun Metallic
Magnetic Black Pearl
Pearl White TriCoat
Brilliant Silver Metallic
Interior Colors
Graphite
Black
Beige

2019 Nissan Titan Prices and Market Value

The 2019 Nissan Titan had a starting MSRP of around $30,000 when new, with higher trims reaching up to $60,000. Current used market prices range significantly depending on condition, mileage, and trim level, generally from around $20,000 to $40,000.

The Titan depreciates at a rate comparable to other full-size trucks. Factors affecting resale value include the vehicle's condition, mileage, maintenance history, and trim level. Models with desirable features like four-wheel drive and higher trim levels (PRO-4X, SL, Platinum Reserve) tend to hold their value better. Consistent maintenance records are crucial for maintaining resale value.

2019 Nissan Titan Cost of Ownership

The 2019 Nissan Titan's insurance costs are generally moderate for a full-size truck. Fuel costs can be higher due to the V8 engine. Maintenance costs are average, with regular oil changes and tire rotations being essential. Repair costs can be moderate to high depending on the complexity of the repair. Long-term ownership costs are likely to be average for its class. The Titan is not the most economical truck to own due to its fuel consumption, but its solid warranty and reliability can help mitigate some costs.

2019 Nissan Titan Fuel Efficiency

Fuel Type Diesel
Fuel Capacity 18 gallons
City Mileage 15 miles/gallon
Highway Mileage 21 miles/gallon

2019 Nissan Titan Safety Rating

NHTSA
Overall Rating
Overall Frontal Star Rating
Side Overall Star Rating
Overall Rollover Star Rating
Combined Front Seat Rating
Combined Rear Seat Rating
Overall Frontal Star Rating
Frontal Barrier Star Ratings Not Tested
Overall Side Star Rating
Side Barrier Star Ratings
Side Pole Star Rating
Combined Side Barrier And Side Pole Star Ratings Not Tested
Rollover Resistance Star Rating

2019 Nissan Titan Recalls & Defects

Electrical System:alternator/Generator/Regulator
Recall date 2019-06-26
Recall no. 19v495000
Source NHTSA
Summary Nissan North America, Inc. (Nissan) IS Recalling Certain 2017-2019 Gasoline, Light Duty, Titan Vehicles. THE Alternator Harness MAY Have Been Damaged During THE Engine Installation Process, Possibly Resulting IN AN Electrical Short.
Consequence AN Electrical Short MAY Cause AN Engine Stall, Increasing THE Risk OF A Crash. IN Addition, IT Increases THE Risk OF A Fire.
Remedy Nissan Will Notify Owners, and Dealers Will Inspect THE Alternator Harness FOR THE Proper Routing and ANY Damage. THE Harness Will BE Clipped Into THE Correct Position or Replaced AS Necessary, Free OF Charge. THE Recall Began August 8, 2019. Owners MAY Contact Nissan Customer Service AT 1-800-867-7669.
Notes Owners MAY Also Contact THE National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline AT 1-888-327-4236 (Tty 1-800-424-9153), or GO TO Www.safercar.gov.
Electrical System:wiring
Recall date 2019-06-26
Recall no. 19v495000
Source NHTSA
Summary Nissan North America, Inc. (Nissan) IS Recalling Certain 2017-2019 Gasoline, Light Duty, Titan Vehicles. THE Alternator Harness MAY Have Been Damaged During THE Engine Installation Process, Possibly Resulting IN AN Electrical Short.
Consequence AN Electrical Short MAY Cause AN Engine Stall, Increasing THE Risk OF A Crash. IN Addition, IT Increases THE Risk OF A Fire.
Remedy Nissan Will Notify Owners, and Dealers Will Inspect THE Alternator Harness FOR THE Proper Routing and ANY Damage. THE Harness Will BE Clipped Into THE Correct Position or Replaced AS Necessary, Free OF Charge. THE Recall Began August 8, 2019. Owners MAY Contact Nissan Customer Service AT 1-800-867-7669.
Notes Owners MAY Also Contact THE National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline AT 1-888-327-4236 (Tty 1-800-424-9153), or GO TO Www.safercar.gov.
Exterior Lighting:headlights
Recall date 2020-09-11
Recall no. 20v556000
Source NHTSA
Summary Nissan North America, Inc. (Nissan) IS Recalling Certain 2019 Titan Vehicles Equipped With LED Headlights. THE Headlights MAY Have Incorrect Aiming Marks. AS Such, These Vehicles Fail TO Comply With THE Requirements OF Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard Number 108, "lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment."
Consequence THE Incorrect Marks MAY Cause THE Headlights TO BE Aimed Incorrectly During Servicing, Resulting IN Insufficient Illumination OF THE Road While Driving AT Night, Thereby Increasing THE Risk OF A Crash.
Remedy Nissan Will Notify Owners, and Dealers Will Inspect And, AS Necessary, Replace THE Headlight Assemblies, Free OF Charge. THE Recall Began October 20, 2020. Owners MAY Contact Nissan Customer Service AT 1-800-867-7669. Nissan's Number FOR This Recall IS Pc751.
Notes Owners MAY Also Contact THE National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline AT 1-888-327-4236 (Tty 1-800-424-9153), or GO TO Www.safercar.gov.
Back Over Prevention: Sensing System: Camera
Recall date 2019-09-12
Recall no. 19v654000
Source NHTSA
Summary Nissan North America, Inc. (Nissan) IS Recalling Certain 2018-2019 Nissan Altima, Armada, Frontier, Kicks, Leaf, Maxima, Murano, NV, Nv200, Pathfinder, Rogue, Rogue Sport, Sentra, Titan, Titan Diesel, Versa Note and Versa Sedan Vehicles, AS Well AS Infiniti Q50, Q60, Qx30 and Qx80 Vehicles. Additionally Included ARE 2019 Nissan Gt-R and Taxi and Infiniti Qx50, Qx60, Q70, Q70l Vehicles. THE Back-up Camera and Display Settings CAN BE Adjusted Such That THE Rear View Image IS NO Longer Visible and THE System Will Retain That Setting THE Next Time THE Vehicle IS Placed IN Reverse. AS Such, These Vehicles Fail TO Comply With THE Requirements OF Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (Fmvss) Number 111, "rear Visibility."
Consequence THE Lack OF AN Image IN THE Back-Up Camera Display Increases THE Risk OF A Crash.
Remedy Nissan Will Notify Owners IN Phases, Having Dealers Update THE Back-Up Camera Settings Software, Free OF Charge. THE Recall Began November 11, 2019 and All Affected Vins Should BE Activated. Owners MAY Contact Nissan Customer Service AT 1-800-867-7669 or Infiniti Customer Service AT 1-800-662-6200.
Notes Owners MAY Also Contact THE National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline AT 1-888-327-4236 (Tty 1-800-424-9153), or GO TO Www.safercar.gov.
Tires
Recall date 2021-03-11
Recall no. 21v169000
Source NHTSA
Summary Nissan North America, Inc. (Nissan) IS Recalling Certain 2019-2020 Altima and 2018-2021 Titan Vehicles Equipped With Continental Tires. ON THE Affected Vehicles, IT IS Possible That ONE or More Tires Were Cured FOR TOO Long During Tire Production.
Consequence Over Cured Tires MAY Develop A Break IN THE Sidewall, Resulting IN Sudden AIR Loss or Belt Edge Separation Which Could Lead TO Tread/Belt Loss. Either Condition CAN Cause A Loss OF Vehicle Control, Increasing THE Risk OF A Crash.
Remedy Nissan Will Notify Owners, and Dealers Will Inspect THE Tires, and Replace Them AS Necessary, Free OF Charge. Owner Notification Letters Were Mailed ON MAY 11, 2021. Owners MAY Contact Nissan Customer Service AT 1-800-867-7669. Nissan's Number FOR This Recall IS Pc798.
Notes Owners MAY Also Contact THE National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline AT 1-888-327-4236 (Tty 1-800-424-9153), or GO TO Www.safercar.gov.
Tires:sidewall
Recall date 2021-03-11
Recall no. 21v169000
Source NHTSA
Summary Nissan North America, Inc. (Nissan) IS Recalling Certain 2019-2020 Altima and 2018-2021 Titan Vehicles Equipped With Continental Tires. ON THE Affected Vehicles, IT IS Possible That ONE or More Tires Were Cured FOR TOO Long During Tire Production.
Consequence Over Cured Tires MAY Develop A Break IN THE Sidewall, Resulting IN Sudden AIR Loss or Belt Edge Separation Which Could Lead TO Tread/Belt Loss. Either Condition CAN Cause A Loss OF Vehicle Control, Increasing THE Risk OF A Crash.
Remedy Nissan Will Notify Owners, and Dealers Will Inspect THE Tires, and Replace Them AS Necessary, Free OF Charge. Owner Notification Letters Were Mailed ON MAY 11, 2021. Owners MAY Contact Nissan Customer Service AT 1-800-867-7669. Nissan's Number FOR This Recall IS Pc798.
Notes Owners MAY Also Contact THE National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline AT 1-888-327-4236 (Tty 1-800-424-9153), or GO TO Www.safercar.gov.

2019 Nissan Titan Warranty

Basic
Original warranty 0 months / No data
Estimated remaining Expired
Powertrain
Original warranty 0 months / No data
Estimated remaining Expired
Rust
Original warranty 0 months / No data
Estimated remaining Expired

2019 Nissan Titan Insurance

Insurance for a 2019 Nissan Titan is moderately priced, reflecting its status as a Pickup Truck with strong safety ratings and
reasonable repair costs.

How Does the 2019 Nissan Titan Compare to Other Pickup Truck?

The 2019 Nissan Titan competes with the Ford F-150, Chevrolet Silverado, Ram 1500, and Toyota Tundra. Performance-wise, the Titan's standard V8 is competitive, but the F-150 offers a wider range of engine options. In terms of features, the Ram 1500 generally has a more luxurious and technologically advanced interior. Reliability is comparable to the Tundra, which is known for its dependability. The Silverado and F-150 may offer slightly better fuel economy depending on the engine configuration.

Price-wise, the Titan is often competitively priced, making it a value proposition. However, the F-150 offers more customization options. If reliability is a top priority, the Toyota Tundra is a strong alternative. If you want a more luxurious interior and advanced technology, the Ram 1500 might be a better choice. The Chevrolet Silverado presents a well-rounded option with a variety of engine choices. All are good trucks and it comes down to customer preference.

Final Verdict: Is the 2019 Nissan Titan a Good Pickup Truck?

The 2019 Nissan Titan is ideal for buyers seeking a capable and comfortable full-size truck with a strong standard V8 engine and a competitive price. It's worth buying, especially on the used market, for those who prioritize value and reliability over the latest technology or class-leading fuel economy.

Specific trims like the PRO-4X are excellent for off-road enthusiasts, while the SL and Platinum Reserve offer more luxury. A used 2019 Titan, if well-maintained and inspected, can be a smart purchase. Consider a lower trim if you need a work truck, or a higher trim if comfort is a priority. Check for any outstanding recalls and service records before purchasing.

2019 Nissan Titan Owner Reviews

4.75
Consumer Rating, Based on 44 Consumer Reviews
Overall rating
Cancel
Thank You for Your Review!

We truly appreciate the time and effort you took to share your experience with us.

Uh oh!

Something went wrong, please try again later.

JoeMama on September 12, 2024

I've had my 2019 Texas Titan edition for 3 years now.

I've had my 2019 Texas Titan edition for 3 years now. I test drive the F150 and the 1500 Silverado but this Titan interior quality was so much better. Thicker windows for a quieter ride and thicker dashboard that doesn't feel like cheap plastic. I've got 80K miles on this now with zero issues. No complaints at all and so happy I went with this. I don't haul anything heavier than 3K lbs so I can't speak to heavy hauling. Every day driving and long distance riding it's fantastic.

Was this review helpful?
1
0

Justin on March 6, 2023

Unexpected Favorite

I had a lo g histoey with Fords. My last truck wad an unbreakable 2013 F150 with 166k miles-still going strong. I was actually looking into Dodge based on ride quality and pricing but test drove 3 Rams, one had a tailgate jammed, another with major 4WD issue and a third where the check engine light came on during the test drive related to the EVAC system. I l then decided go back to the tried/true F150 but again test drove a 4WD with some major issues in 4wd low. Some transmission issues I read about on the F150 and the $2k 'reputation premium' also gave me pause. I drove a Titan crew cab out of curiosity and immediately felt like I was in a nicer truck than both, good balance between easy driving and response- some level of feedback from the road but not too bumpy and very comfortable seats. The V8 growl was satisfying and the truck is still under warranty for another year. I like the look outside (not so BOXY!!) and inside and felt very comfortable with the Titan even though it was not i initially on my radar. I noticed reviews from 'experts' heavily downrated the truck quoting less engine options and less towing- not issues I considered major problems. Reviewers love to dive into the details, they enjoy breakimg down lots of options which are certainly not as varried with the Titan. They also really like the supertrucks like the TRX or Raptor-almost seem to be mad a Nissan for not giving them the Beast-Mode Excess trim level (that almost no one buys) to have fun with on a weekends. One said the radio dial was too small!! Give me a break. Owner reviews, on the other hand, were very positive. My advice would be to drive one. I bet it would suprise you. I think the Nissan hits all the sweet spots for a full size truck and looks great to boot. The differenes between the full size truck offerings are generally exagerated. The Titan is legit...drive it and you'll see.

Was this review helpful?
1
0

John W on June 11, 2021

Excellent Truck

This is my second Nissan Titan that I have owned an I love it. A good heavy vehicle that is very reliable, roomy, handles great, great styling and has the power. I still have my original 2004 Titan with 267.000 miles on it which is still running good and has never let me down once. How much more reliability can you ask for then that.

Was this review helpful?
1
0

19TitanOwner on May 29, 2021

Cylinder 7 blew at 29k miles

I love my titan but I'm also disappointed in it. Around 22k miles I noticed a slight tick coming from the driver's side of the engine. Was told by nissan it was my air conditioning system turning on. It continued getting louder. When I had it in for its 25k service again I was assured it was nothing. Before I got to the 30k service at 29k miles it sounded like a diesel truck. FINALLY nissan acknowledged my concerns when I took it in and told them forums suggest cylinder 7 as being the problem. Sure enough cylinder 7 was prematurely worn out. Nissan rebuilt not replaced my engine and they had my truck for 2 months! Now the transmission is slipping at low speeds.

Was this review helpful?
0
1

Debbie on March 9, 2021

Best truck we've owned.

Love the Titan Platinum Reserve. Nice ride, has all the bells and whistles. Love the look and color. Very comfortable for a truck. A great vehicle all the way around.

Was this review helpful?
1
0

PennState fan on January 10, 2021

Great new truck!

Have only owned for 3 days but so far so good! Love the look and all the options! Gets decent gas mileage and has plenty of power.

Was this review helpful?
1
0

Len P. on December 2, 2020

Better then my 2012 Dodge Ram Sportsman Edition

Was looking to buy a 2019 Dodge Rebel, Dealer did not want to give me what I wanted for my 2012, It had low miles and excellent shape. And dodge reduced their warranty from 5 yrs. to 3 yrs. looked at the Fords and Chevys, Toyota trucks. Did not like them. Nissan was the last thing I looked at And then Really looked at it, The model I bought is a 2019 Pro4X, In Moab Orange, with Gunmetal trim, All Leather interior, Spray in bedliner, cargo restraint system, Loaded very nice, The Dodge Rebel had NONE of these features AND They were the same Price ! The Nissan has the 5 year warranty, and Money for value, I Chose the Nissan! I now at this time have 7000 some miles on it and Love It! If this truck would have a Center Console shifter like my 2012 Dodge It would be the Perfect truck!

Was this review helpful?
1
0

Truck Driver on November 16, 2020

Nissan titan midnight edition love it

It’s a great truck I enjoy driving it so does my family I bought it because I was one of the truck a great truck for the price I paid

Was this review helpful?
1
0

Ed McC on October 22, 2020

I love this truck. Throaty sound, plenty power,

This truck has style, enough power, throaty sound. It has enough tech without being complicated. I test drove Ford and Toyota. Both were good but this truck just “felt right”.

Was this review helpful?
1
0

taki on October 21, 2020

love my truck

I purchased my truck from Woodfield Nissan and have never been so happy with a car purchase in my life, They gave me a killer deal on the truck and the financing. I am now a customer for life!

Was this review helpful?
1
0
Author Image
Simon A

Simon is a contributor to VinCheck, where he provides articles and reviews on various automotive topics. His work focuses on delivering accurate and up-to-date information about used cars, helping readers make informed decisions.